Pap Smear-
A Pap tests, sometimes called Pap smears is a screening tool that can help doctors detect abnormal cells and cancer. It works by sampling cells from the cervix.
A Pap smear screening for Cervical cancer is necessary for getting an early diagnosis of cervical cancer. When diagnose early, effective treatment is usually possible.
Doctors recommend two tests for this purpose:
The Pap smear, which checks for abnormal cells.
The human papillomavirus (HPV) test, which detects DNA from HPV to reveal both its presence and type.
Tubul Surgery-
Tubal ligation (commonly known as having one’s “tubes tied“) is a surgical procedure for female sterilization in which the fallopian tubes are permanently blocked or removed. This prevents the fertilization of eggs by sperm and thus the implantation of a fertilized egg. Tubal ligation is considered a permanent method of sterilization and birth control.
Menstrual Irregularities-
An irregular cycle is a menstrual cycle that falls outside of “regular” ranges for an unknown reason.
A normal menstrual cycle, which is counted from the first day of one period to the first day of the next, isn’t the same for every woman. Menstrual flow might occur every 21 to 35 days and last two to seven days.
A menstrual irregular cycle is considered clinically irregular when the majority of cycles in the previous six months are out of range. People with irregular cycles may notice that their periods happen infrequently, frequently, or are very unpredictable.
Common causes of irregular periods include:
Uncontrolled diabetes
Eating disorders
Hyperprolactinemia
Medications
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Uterine prolapse-
Uterine prolapse is a disorder in which one’s uterus/womb slips down to her vaginal canal. This happens because the muscles & ligaments which normally keep the uterus in the pelvic area weaken and get stretched.
CAUSES
The main cause of uterine prolapse is the weakening of the supporting muscles & tissues. This can happen due to the following reasons:
Pregnancy: Normal or complicated vaginal delivery may lead to weakening of the muscles.
Age: The pelvic muscles may weaken naturally with advancing age.
Menopause: The estrogen levels and the tissue tone may drop due to menopause which may loosen the muscles..
Obesity: Being overweight can cause strain on these muscles.
Uterine fibroid-
Fibroids, also known as uterine myomas, are compact and firm tumors that are made of smooth muscle cells and fibrous connective tissue which develop in the uterus.
CAUSES:-
The exact cause of fibroids is not known, but research points out towards the following factors:
Hormones: Estrogen and progesterone are responsible for regenerating the uterine lining during each menstrual cycle and may stimulate the growth of fibroid.
Heredity: If your mother, sister, or grandmother has ever suffered from fibroids then you may suffer from fibroids too.
Pelvic Pain-
Pelvic pain can be a sign that there might be a problem with one of the reproductive organs in a woman’s pelvic area.
CAUSES
Causes originating from the reproductive system-
Endometriosis (This is a painful condition where tissue that is similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus.)
Pelvic inflammatory diseases
(Infections of the lower pelvic organs can lead to scarring and abdominal pain)
Pelvic congestion
Ovarian Cyst-
An ovarian cyst is a closed sac like structure which contains fluids. They develop in the ovaries of a woman. Such a condition is common and can occur at any age.
SYMPTOMS:-
Related to menstrual cycle & sexual activity:
Pain during sexual intercourse, especially during deep penetration.
Irregular periods.
Chronic low back or pelvic pain during the menstrual cycle.
Vaginal pain or spotty bleeding from the vagina.
Infertility
Related to digestion & abdomen
Indigestion.
Pain in the pelvic or lower abdomen area.
Pain during urination or bowel movement.
Nausea or vomiting.
Urinary incontinence –
Urinary incontinence (UI), also known as involuntary urination, is any uncontrolled leakage of urine. It is a common and distressing problem, which may have a large impact on quality of life. It has been identified as an important issue in geriatric health care. The term enuresis is often used to refer to urinary incontinence primarily in children, such as nocturnal enuresis (bed wetting).
What are the symptoms of urinary incontinence?
Urinary incontinence is not a disease by itself. Urinary incontinence is a symptom of another health problem, usually weak pelvic floor muscles. In addition to urinary incontinence, some women have other urinary symptoms:4
Pressure or spasms in the pelvic area that causes a strong urge to urinate
Going to the bathroom more than usual (more than eight times a day or more than twice at night)
Urinating while sleeping (bedwetting)
Hysteroscopy Laparoscopy –
What is Hysteroscopy?
Hysteroscopy is the inspection of the uterine cavity by endoscopy with access through the cervix. It allows for the diagnosis of intrauterine pathology and serves as a method for surgical intervention (operative hysteroscopy).
What is Laparoscopy?
Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure in which the surgeon accesses the stomach from inside using a small & lighted instrument known as the laparoscope. The laparoscope is inserted through small incisions made near the abdomen area. The size of the incision is around 5-15 millimeters. Being a minimally invasive surgery it has several advantages over open surgeries. It is a philosophy that believes that cure is possible through least trauma and this, in fact, is a patient’s right.